![]() ![]() In 1877 Lord Rayleigh wrote the Theory of Sound and established modern acoustic theory. The result they obtained was within about 2% of currently accepted values. They measured a sound speed of 1435 metres per second over a 17 kilometre (km) distance, providing the first quantitative measurement of sound speed in water. In 1826, on Lake Geneva, they measured the elapsed time between a flash of light and the sound of a submerged ship's bell heard using an underwater listening horn. The next major step in the development of underwater acoustics was made by Daniel Colladon, a Swiss physicist, and Charles Sturm, a French mathematician. ![]() In 1687 Isaac Newton wrote his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy which included the first mathematical treatment of sound. The science of underwater acoustics began in 1490, when Leonardo da Vinci wrote the following, "If you cause your ship to stop and place the head of a long tube in the water and place the outer extremity to your ear, you will hear ships at a great distance from you." Underwater sound has probably been used by marine animals for millions of years. History A seafloor map produced by multibeam sonar The field of underwater acoustics is closely related to a number of other fields of acoustic study, including sonar, transduction, signal processing, acoustical oceanography, bioacoustics, and physical acoustics. The noise is generated by the fluctuating velocity and pressure fields within this TBL. The relative motion between the surface and the ocean creates a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) that surrounds the surface. One of the main causes of hydro acoustic noise from fully submerged lifting surfaces is the unsteady separated turbulent flow near the surface's trailing edge that produces pressure fluctuations on the surface and unsteady oscillatory flow in the near wake. The relative importance of these three different categories will depend, amongst other things, on the ship type These can be subdivided into those caused by the propeller, those caused by machinery, and those caused by the movement of the hull through the water. There are a number of different causes of noise from shipping. Hydroacoustic sensing involves " passive acoustics" (listening for sounds) or active acoustics making a sound and listening for the echo, hence the common name for the device, echo sounder or echosounder. Hydroacoustics can be used to detect the depth of a water body ( bathymetry), as well as the presence or absence, abundance, distribution, size, and behavior of underwater plants and animals. Hydroacoustics, using sonar technology, is most commonly used for monitoring of underwater physical and biological characteristics. The propagation of sound in the ocean at frequencies lower than 10 Hz is usually not possible without penetrating deep into the seabed, whereas frequencies above 1 MHz are rarely used because they are absorbed very quickly. Typical frequencies associated with underwater acoustics are between 10 Hz and 1 MHz. The water may be in the ocean, a lake, a river or a tank. Underwater acoustics (also known as hydroacoustics) is the study of the propagation of sound in water and the interaction of the mechanical waves that constitute sound with the water, its contents and its boundaries. The work was supported by RFBR Project 05‐02‐16842.Study of the propagation of sound in water Output of a computer model of underwater acoustic propagation in a simplified ocean environment. For the waveguide with intense background internal waves the control of long‐range bottom reverberation becomes impossible. In summer for near bottom sound waveguide the range of distances for which it is practicable is much narrower even without internal waves. As an example for these conditions we can control the bottom reverberation on interval ̃ 5km in the neighborhood of preset point. It is demonstrated that the best feasibility for scanning and hence for controlling bottom reverberation takes place for the regular waveguide under winter conditions when sound speed depends on depth only slightly and background internal waves are nonexistent practically. Horizontal scanning with the focal spot is performed by radiation frequency tuning. The acoustic field is focused with vertical array by phase conjugation of sound wave from probe source placed at preset point. These researches are carried out by using numerical modeling for typical acoustic waveguides including random ones with background internal waves. It is studied the availability of horizontal and vertical scanning for controlling long‐range low‐frequency bottom reverberation as well. Sound field focusing and scanning with focal spot are investigated for shallow water and long distances (up to 30km).
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